は

Marks what the sentence is about

が

Marks subject; often new or emphasized information

を

Marks the direct object of a transitive verb

に

Direction, time, indirect target, existence location

で

Means, method, or where an action takes place

と

And, together with, or quoted content

も

Also, too, even (replaces は, が, を)

の

Links nouns; possession and modification

へ

Direction toward; similar to に but more formal/written

から

Starting point in time/space; reason

まで

Endpoint in time, space, or degree

か

Turns a clause into a yes/no question

ね

Right? / isn't it? — seeks agreement

よ

Tells the listener something they may not know